The Enduring Scars of Conflict: A Comprehensive Analysis of Environmental and Health Sequelae of War Remnants on Returnee Populations in Khartoum, Sudan

Abstract

Abstract

The transition from conflict to peace in Khartoum, Sudan, is significantly impeded by the pervasive presence of war remnants, posing substantial environmental and public health challenges for returning populations. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the multifaceted impacts of these remnants—including human remains, unexploded ordnance (UXOs), heavy metal contamination, and scattered body parts—on the ecological landscape and the well-being of returnees. Synthesizing data and guidelines from prominent international organizations, this study examines the intricate pathways of contamination affecting critical resources such as water, soil, and air. Furthermore, it explores the spectrum of correlated health outcomes, encompassing heightened risks of infectious diseases, the insidious effects of heavy metal poisoning, the immediate physical dangers posed by UXOs, and the enduring burden of psychological trauma. A detailed case study on Hantavirus transmission is integrated to illustrate the complex interplay between environmental disruption and emergent zoonotic disease risks within this fragile post-conflict setting. The paper concludes with a robust set of evidence-based recommendations, emphasizing the urgent need for culturally sensitive and safe burial practices, the strategic prioritization of comprehensive UXO clearance initiatives, the imperative for thorough and ongoing environmental assessments, the consistent provision of adequate personal protective equipment, the strengthening of public health infrastructure, the critical necessity of fostering sustained international collaboration, and the importance of addressing intersectional vulnerabilities, community participation, legal frameworks, monitoring and evaluation, and long-term commitment to sustainable recovery in Khartoum, Sudan.